In today’s competitive job market, freshly graduated developers and data professionals often stumble on seemingly basic SQL questions during technical interviews. Despite extensive coursework, many falter due to gaps in practical knowledge, unfamiliarity with dialect differences, or inability to reason through edge cases. This article explores the key reasons for failure and offers concrete strategies—including essential SQL interview questions—to help you stand out.

Why Freshers Struggle

1. Theory vs. Practical Usage
   Academic exposure often covers syntax, but candidates rarely practice writing real-world queries. For example, a typical SQL interview question might ask: “What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?”—a question that trips up many because understanding performance implications matters.
2. CRUD Confusion
   Basic commands—SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE—are familiar, but nuanced behaviors like when to use TRUNCATE vs. DELETE, or how transactions affect data integrity, frequently stump juniors .
3. Challenge with Joins and NULLs
   Joins are foundational, yet many falter when asked, “Explain different types of joins with examples”, or when NULL-handling in NOT IN queries leads to unexpected empty result sets.
4. Neglecting Indexing and Normalization
   Understanding what indexes are and how normalization impacts design and performance is often overlooked—though these are common SQL interview questions even for freshers.

How to Turn It Around

• Focus on real queries: Practice full-stack exercises—joins, subqueries, indexing, grouping.
• Study pitfalls: Know scenarios like NULL causing logical traps in NOT IN, and performance trade-offs between UNION and UNION ALL.
• Draw schema diagrams: Normalize, define keys, and plan indexing strategies.
• Explain your reasoning: Employers value clear explanations of why, not just how.

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Top SQL Interview Questions 

1. What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?
2. Explain the different types of JOINs in SQL.?
3. What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING clauses?
4. What are subqueries and correlated subqueries?
5. What is normalization? Explain different normal forms?
6. What is the purpose of indexing in SQL?
   

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